WG-EMM-08

The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) uses indices derived from data on indicator species collected by standard methods in the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Each year the Secretariat updates the standardised index values and provides a summary of trends and anomalies in these data. This report covers predator indices only. Data were submitted by 7 Members Read More
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As reported to the CCAMLR Secretariat, 6 vessels from 5 Contracting Parties are fishing for krill in Area 48 in the 2007/08 season, and these vessels have taken 84110 t of krill to date. The preliminary estimate of the total catch of krill for the season is approximately 108343 t. This compares with 104586 t of krill reported in the STATLANT data for 2006/07. With the exception of Poland, all Read More
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This paper summarises the notifications received from Members intending to participate in krill fisheries in the CCAMLR Convention Area in the 2008/09 season.

A standardized krill net sampling survey was conducted in the Lazarev Sea (CCAMLR Subarea 48.6) in austral summer during December/January 2007/08 (LAKRIS, Lazarev Krill Study) as a German contribution to CCAMLR-IPY 2008. At the start of the survey period the entire survey area was completely covered with seasonal pack-ice, but rapidly retreating until the end of the survey in late January. 52 Read More
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Dr Rachel Fewster (Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland) participated in the WG-EMM Predator Survey Workshop as Invited Expert. The terms of reference for her participation were as follows: 1. Participate in the Workshop on Predator Abundance in June 2008 2. Provide consultation and advice on procedures for: (i) estimating abundance of important krill predators Read More
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In 2007 WG-SAM defined a set of reference observations for validating and tuning proposed models to evaluate krill catch allocation options for Area 48 (the SAM calendar). The observations, which were endorsed by WG-EMM, were largely qualitative and relative. We used available data to translate these observations into numerical terms (the numerical calendar). We provide spatially-resolved Read More
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Relatively little ecological information is available for the South Sandwich Islands, so the diversity of information available to determine potential SSMU boundaries is limited. Nevertheless, a suggested SSMU is proposed, based on the foraging distance of the most abundant land-based consumer of krill breeding on the islands, the chinstrap penguin. The proposed SSMU represents a single Read More
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Over the past few years WG-EMM has been developing a management procedure for the krill fishery in Statistical Area 48. This procedure will involve, inter alia, subdivision of the precautionary catch limit among a set of small-scale management units. So far the Working Group has identified six candidate methods for subdividing the catch limit and rejected one of them as unsuitable (Option 1 - Read More
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We tuned four parameterizations of Foosa to provide predictions that are consistent with the agreed calendar, as specified by the WG-SAM, that describes changes in the abundances of krill and their predators in the Scotia Sea. First, we compiled a set of base parameterizations from information in the literature and following specifications laid out by the WG-SAM. These base parameterizations Read More
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Ecosystem models are being developed to explore a range of issues globally. This paper is currently in draft form open to comment and is being developed to provide an introduction to the CCAMLR-IWC Workshop to review input data for Antarctic marine ecosystem models. It summarises background to the use of ecosystem models in CCAMLR and the IWC and a history of the developmental work in those Read More
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The “CCAMLR-IWC Workshop to review input data for Antarctic marine ecosystem models” will be held at the CCAMLR Headquarters in Hobart Australia on 11-15 August 2008. This paper provides an update on progress towards the holding of this workshop at the CCAMLR Secretariat . A revised budget is presented for consideration primarily to take account of the review materials being produced without Read More
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1. We used the CCAMLR 2000 synoptic survey acoustic dataset to compare pelagic and shelf SSMUs in terms of the frequency of 1nm integration units with krill densities above and below a range of threshold values. 2. In general pelagic SSMUs had markedly lower frequencies of fishable integration units where the threshold density for fishing was set at 100 gm2 following Kasatkina (2003). 3. This Read More
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Despite much research on Euphausia superba, estimates of their total biomass and production are still very uncertain. Recently, circumpolar krill databases, combined with growth models and revisions in acoustics have made it possible to refine previous estimates. Net-based databases of density and length frequency (KRILLBASE) yield a summer distributional range of ~19 x106 km2 and a mean total Read More
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During February and March 2008 New Zealand carried out a major research voyage into the Ross Sea region in support of the International Polar Year Census of Antarctic Marine Life (IPY-CAML). The 50 day voyage on the research vessel Tangaroa involved an extensive survey of marine organisms from viruses to pelagic and demersal fish and cephalopods from the surface down to depths of 3500 m, and Read More
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Analysis of the time series of the volume of water filtered during tows using a 1.8 m Isaac-Kidd Midwater Trawl (IKMT) from 1992 to 2007 showed a marked decline (~35%) in the volume of water filtered beginning in 2000. Analysis of tow time duration, reported ship speed during tows, and mean number of rotor counts from the flow meters showed no significant trends. The discrepancy in volume is Read More
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We the undersigned wish to bring to your attention a potentially grave situation that needs to be addressed without significant delay. Together we have worked in the Ross Sea and vicinity for more than 300 person-years, and in the process have gained considerable knowledge about the Ross Sea ecosystem. Several recent findings indicate that the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) is Read More
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An uncertainty heretofore has existed over the importance of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni) as prey of top predators in the Ross Sea. We reviewed the literature to assess the relative weight that should be given to direct, observational evidence of predator diet composition, as opposed to indirect evidence from scat and biochemical analysis. As a result of this assessment, it is Read More
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Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) have proved to be an important predator of Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni), and currently there is no ecosystem monitoring program (CEMP) in place under CCAMLR with respect to the Ross Sea toothfish fishery. In a previous paper submitted to EMM in 2007 (WG-EMM 07/13), we described procedures whereby aerial photography could be used to monitor Read More
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The article is based on the data sampled by the authors in the 29th cruise of f/v “Konstruktor Koshkin” (shipowner is the company “Interrybflot”, Sevastopol, Ukraine) in Subarea 48.2 from March till April 2008. The paper has analyzed the distribution of commercial aggregations of krill, their fishable biomass in the different periods of observations, krill biological state, hydro Read More
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Presented research on feeding and the dietary structure by species of minke whales, conducted on board the whaling fleet Sovietskaya Ukraina during the 1982/83 - 1985/86 seasons. Whaling was conducted in all four seasons. There have been no noticeable increase of the population size of large whales over the years after the cessation of whaling. The role of a short and profitable from the Read More
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Using a combination of techniques, we examine data from three cruises in 1999, 2000 and 2008 to calculate the biomass and demographic characteristics of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) surrounding the South Orkney and South Shetlands Islands. Net tow data show that length frequency distributions of krill between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands were similar. The similarity in Read More
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This report amalgamates stable isotope analyses of fish (n=476), squid (n=50) and octopod (n=17) samples obtained from long-line fishing vessels from four CCAMLR SSRUs (88.1C, 88.1H, 88.1I and 88.1J) during two fishing seasons 2005/6 and 2006/7. The species sampled were: 6 fish: Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni, n= 100), Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides, n=8), deep sea Read More
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This report describes the multipurpose AKES survey (Antarctic Krill and Ecosystem Studies) carried out with R/V G. O. Sars, 4.01-27.03.08, including some selected results. The main purposes for the AKES project were to • evaluate the links between the krill resources and distribution in the area and Bouvetøya based mammals and birds • study krill biology and ecology • establish TS (Target Read More
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Knowledge of the scattering properties of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is crucial for biomass estimates of the species, but in situ investigations regarding this are still very scarce. We conducted a field study in the Southern Ocean where one of the objectives was to acquire data on orientation angles and target strength of Antarctic krill. The main investigations were done off South Read More
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We used Foosa and the reference set of parameterizations developed by Watters et al. (2008) to assess the risks and tradeoffs associated with various management strategies for subdividing the precautionary krill catch limit among SSMUs in Area 48. Our methodological approach follows directly from specifications made by the WG-SAM and the WG-EMM. We predict that the tradeoffs inherent in Read More
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We have surveyed the ecological interactions between the oceanography and biological ecosystem in the Ross Sea and its adjacent waters with a joint survey the R/V Kaiyo Maru and the Japanese Whale Research Program in the 2004/05 austral summer. We compared the relationship between the geographical distribution of the main biological prey and predator populations such as krill including other Read More
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Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is the key species of the Antarctic marine ecosystem and human fishing resources. Essentially, relationships between krill distribution and oceanographic conditions have been an age-old recurrent problem and many papers have been published on the subject since the British Discovery Reports. However, there was no remarkable achievement in particular the Read More
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An assessment of the environmental processes influencing variability in the recruitment and density of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba DANA) is important as variability in krill stocks affects the Antarctic marine ecosystem as a whole. Naganobu et al. (1999) had assessed variability in krill recruitment and density in the Antarctic Peninsula area with an environmental factor; strength of Read More
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A work plan to establish an observer scheme for krill fishery was agreed at the previous Scientific Committee and the Commission. The first step was to consider ‘systematic coverage’ of the observers. In this document, Japan proposes a framework for scientific observer system for krill fishery in order to obtain ‘systematic coverage’.

Distribution patterns and biomasses of Antarctic and ice krill in the Ross Sea in austral summer in 2005 were studied using a multi-disciplinary survey data set combining cetacean, krill and oceanography data. Two research vessels, KM and KS2, conducted the hydroacoustic surveys independently in the same area. Distribution patterns and length frequency information for two species were obtained Read More
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During the 9th research cruise of the R/V Kaiyo-maru, copepod samples were collected from three layers between the surface and 200 m with RMT 8m2 along the three longitudinal lines in the Ross Sea and its neighboring waters. Twenty three copepod species belonging to 13 families were identified and 8 unidentified taxa appeared in the study area. Samples were categorized into four major groups Read More
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CCAMLR adopted a new conservation measure in 2007 (CM 22-06) to ensure that significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing gear on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) are avoided. Due to the high levels of uncertainty surrounding both the evidence of VME presence and the consequences of interaction with different types of gear, a risk management framework is proposed, similar to that which has Read More
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Conservation Measure 22-06 was adopted to ensure that significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing gear on Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) are avoided. In order to satisfy the requirements of CM 22-06 a method is proposed to notify CCAMLR of the presence of VMEs and their location using a simple pro-forma. Two VMEs identified during the Australian CEAMARC-CASO cruise are notified using Read More
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10 years worth of recent finescale haul-by haul krill data were used to characterize behaviour of krill fishery. Analysis of travel distance in relation to catch level revealed a pattern that mean travel distances are longer after the least catch levels, and the travel distances decreases as catch level increases to certain catch levels but distance increase again above that catch level. Read More
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This document provides information on krill fishery behaviour and fishing ground condition in 1999/2000 season to assist consideration of the regional krill density and distributional conditions observed in the CCAMLR 2000 synoptic survey. The vessels seemed to have been moving around more compared to other fishing seasons to look for preferred targets. The 1999/2000 fishing season was the Read More
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The proportional krill recruitment index is updated from 2002 to present using data from the US AMLR surveys around Elephant Island, Antarctica. Proportional recruitment indices were derived from the CMIX procedure, and were also derived as a proportion of the <30 mm length class for day and night samples. All indices showed that high recruitment (R1) occurred in 2003 and in 2008, with low Read More
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We report on the development of a mass balanced carbon-budget trophic model of the Ross Sea as a step towards investigating ecosystem effects of the fishery for Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni). The model has 30 trophic groups representing all the major biota of the Ross Sea. Many of the lower trophic level species in the model are grouped by functional role because information is Read More
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We present information to investigate the significance of Antarctic toothfish as a prey item for Weddell seals in the Ross Sea. • We summarise the life history of Weddell seals to provide an overview of their use of the Ross Sea. As consumption of prey by Weddell seals (both the amount and type of prey) will vary between different life history stages at different times of the year in different Read More
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The updated version of the Spatial Multi-species Operating Model (SMOM) of krill-predator-fishery dynamics described in an accompanying paper is conditioned using the WG-SAM set of reference observations for Area 48 (the SAM calendar). Results are presented for two implementations of SMOM, one with the time series of krill abundance fixed on input, and the other incorporating an explicit model Read More
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CCAMLR has agreed that there is a requirement for systematic observation from the krill fishery, however, current levels of observer coverage are not distributed evenly across years, regions or vessels. The number of observer days as a proportion of the number of days fished varied between c10% (Subareas 48.1 and 48.2) and c30% (in Subarea 48.3). 13 of the 16 vessels that have fished for Read More
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Catch uncertainty is a component of uncertainty that is not routinely considered by CCAMLR. However, given the currently reported variability in conversion factors for krill, a nominal reported catch of 600 000t could actually represent a catch in ‘green weight’ of 2.5 million tonnes. Quantifying the level of uncertainty in reported catches of krill would require information on product Read More
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This document summarises progress by expert groups towards having manuscripts ready for the CCAMLR-IWC Workshop to review input data for Antarctic marine ecosystem models: update on progress 2008. Data collation is progressing well for all groups, except for flying birds. Draft manuscripts will be available for review at WG-EMM or from the convenors on request.

The South Georgia region supports a high biomass of krill that is the subject to high inter-annual variability. The lack of a self-sustaining krill population at South Georgia means that understanding the mechanism underlying these observed population characteristics is essential to a successful ecosystem-based management of any krill fishery in the region. Krill acoustic density data from Read More
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We provide a worked example of how a systematic conservation planning methodology (Margules & Pressey, 2000) might be used to identify important areas for conservation of biodiversity in the pelagic environment, using Subarea 48.2 (South Orkney Islands) as a pilot study area. The aim of the worked example is not to identify areas for protection or management at this stage, but rather to Read More
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Gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua show considerable plasticity in their diet, diving and foraging behaviors among colonies; we expected that they might exhibit similar variability over time, at a single site, since flexible foraging habits would provide a buffer against changes in prey availability. We examined inter-annual changes in the foraging strategies and diet of gentoo penguins in the Read More
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We apply Foosa at the scale of interactions among the 3 breeding penguin colonies, krill, and environmental variability at the long-term research site in Admiralty Bay, King George Island. This work-in-progress serves 2 purposes: 1) to use historical data to estimate parameters in a model-fitting framework for the purpose of model validation, and 2) to add and explore functionality in Foosa to Read More
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At its meeting in 2007 CCAMLR endorsed the proposal from the Scientific Committee for a joint CEP/SC-CAMLR workshop. The CEP discussed this at its meeting in June 2008 and suggested a theme of ‘Opportunities for collaboration and practical cooperation between the CEP and SC-CAMLR’. The CEP suggested that areas of common interest might include, though may not be limited to: • climate change Read More
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One recommendation from the Predator Survey workshop was the undertaking of some immediate inter-sessional work to be reported to WG-EMM-08. The work to be undertaken included preliminary estimation of SSMU-specific gentoo and Adélie breeding abundance in Area 48, and similar analyses of east Antarctic data for Adélie penguins. It was recognised that the abundance estimates would not be Read More
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We validate the acoustic target classification protocols developed for the Stochastic Distorted-Wave Born Approximation (SDWBA) model using three frequency acoustic data and concurrent net hauls that were collected during two cruises to the South Georgia region in 1996. For each krill aggregation sampled by net we calculated the difference between acoustic backscatter at 120 and 38 kHz (Sv120- Read More
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In this paper the krill spatial distribution in the in coastal and pelagic SSMUs of the Subarea 48.2 depending on oceanological factors is considered. Estimates of krill biomass and aggregation characteristics, and krill transport factors according to different modifications of Antarctic water mass are presented based on the CCAMLR 2000 Survey data. It is shown, that despite the high biomass Read More
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In order to calculate the target strength of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) using an acoustical scattering model, information on size, morphology, orientation, sound–speed and mass-density contrasts between the animal and the surrounding water are required. Sound-speed and mass-density of krill were measured during the Antarctic surveys conducted by the Japanese RV Kaiyo Maru in 1999/2000 Read More
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Scientific observation on the species composition and abundance of fishes incidentally caught during Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba DANA) fisheries by F/V Niitaka Maru (5200t) were made from 6 August to 30 August to the north of South Georgia Is. Among 87 net hauls quantitatively examined, by-catch fish was recognized in 26 trawl catches (29.9%) and only one fish was found as by-catch in Read More
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Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a large euphausiid, widely distributed within the Southern Ocean, and a key species in the Antarctic food web. The Discovery Investigations in the early 20th century, coupled with subsequent work with both nets and echosounders, indicated that the bulk of the population of postlarval krill is typically confined to the top 150 m of the water column. Here, Read More
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(Current Biology, 18: 282–285 (2008), doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.059)

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Determining how climate fluctuations affect ocean ecosystems requires an understanding of how biological and physical processes interact across a wide range of scales. Here we examine the role of physical and biological processes in generating fluctuations in the ecosystem around South Georgia in the South Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Anomalies in sea surface temperature (SST) in the Read More
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(Proc. R. Soc. B, 274: 3057–3067 (2007), doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1180)

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The Southern Ocean is known to have warmed considerably during the second half of the 20th century but there are few locations with data before the 1950s. In addition, assessments of change in this region are hampered by the strong seasonal bias in sampling, with the vast majority of data collected during the austral summer. However, oceanographic measurements near South Georgia span most of Read More
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(Deep-Sea Res., in press)

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Surveys of Euphausia superba often target localised shelves and ice edges where their growth rates and predation losses are atypically high. Emphasis on these areas has led to the current view that krill require high food concentrations, with a distribution often linked to shelves. For a wider, circumpolar perspective we compiled all available net-based density data on postlarvae: 8137 mainly Read More
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(Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser., 362: 1–23 (2008), doi: 10.3354/meps07498)

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The consequences of warming for Antarctic long-lived organisms depend on their ability to survive changing patterns of climate and environmental variation. Among birds and mammals of different Antarctic regions, including emperor penguins, snow petrels, southern fulmars, Antarctic fur seals and Weddell seals, we found strong support for selection of life history traits that reduce interannual Read More
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(Global Change Biology, in press)

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The Southern Ocean is a major component within the global ocean and climate system and potentially the location where the most rapid climate change is most likely to happen, particularly in the high-latitude polar regions. In these regions, even small temperature changes can potentially lead to major environmental perturbations. Climate change is likely to be regional and may be expressed in Read More
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(Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 362: 2351–2365 (2007), doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1953)

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A major mid-1980s shift in ecological structure of significant portions of the Southern Ocean was partially due to the serial depletion of fish by intensive industrial fishing, rather than solely to climate factors as previously hypothesised. Over a brief period (1969-1973), several finfish stocks were on average reduced to <50%, and finally (mid-1980s) to <20%, of original size. Despite Read More
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(Fish and Fisheries, in press)

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Small black spots have been noticed on the cephalothorax of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, since January, 2001. To study the nature of the black spots, the krill were sampled in the winter of 2003, 2006, and 2007 in the South Georgia region, the Antarctic Ocean. Histological observations revealed that the black spots were melanized nodules that were composed of hemocytes surrounding Read More
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(J. Invertebr. Pathol. (2008), doi:10.1016/j.jip.2008.04.004, in press)

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The horizontal and vertical distribution and population structure of euphausiids in the Ross Sea and its adjacent waters were investigated during the summers of 2004/2005 using stratified towed samples. Nine species of euphausiids occurred in the survey area. Among them, Euphausia triacantha was dominant in biomass north of the southern boundary of the Antarctic circumpolar current (SB). Read More
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(Polar Biol. (2008), doi: 10.1007/s00300-008-0472-6, in press)

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1. Implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management requires an effective ecosystem monitoring programme, the utility of which depends upon its ability (measured by the statistical power) to detect effects that trigger management action. 2. Using data from a long-term ecosystem monitoring programme of the predators of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia together with a Read More
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(Aquat. Conserv., 17 (S1): 79–92 (2008), doi: 10.1002/aqc.909)

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We investigate the influence of krill (principally Euphausia superba) patchiness on the foraging distributions of seabirds to understand how variation in krill influences patch dynamics between krill and birds. At sea surveys were conducted near Elephant Island, Antarctica for three years (2004-2006) during the annual U.S. Antarctic Marine Living Resources (AMLR) program. Standardized strip- Read More
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(Fish. Oceanogr., in press)

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