WG-EMM-11

Four species of penguin breed regularly at South Africa’s Prince Edward Islands: king penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus, gentoo penguin Pygoscelis papua, macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus and southern rockhopper penguin E. chrysocome. In December 2008 it was estimated that some 65 000 pairs of king penguins were incubating eggs at Marion Island, the Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 419–426)

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The onshore distributions and the abundances of Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and Subantarctic fur seals A. tropicalis were determined at Prince Edward Island during 16–20 December 2008. This repeats a survey conducted in December 2001 and extends the area surveyed to include the entire south-west coast of Prince Edward Island. Of the two colonies of Antarctic fur seals, the colony Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 451–455)

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During three summer surveys at Prince Edward Island (PEI), southern Indian Ocean (2001, 2004 and 2008), 416 southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina were inspected for identification tags. In all, 42 seals that had been tagged as weaned pups at their natal site were found on Marion Island (MI), 38 of which could be individually identified by resighting their tag numbers. The majority Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 457–462)

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Numbers of Crozet shags Phalacrocorax [atriceps] melanogenis breeding at Marion Island decreased by more than 70% from 840 pairs in 1994/95 to 220 pairs in 2003/04 and then increased to some 500 pairs in 2008/09. The trends are thought to have been influenced by breeding success, which averaged 0.30 and 0.66 chicks per pair per year from 1998/99– 2002/03 and 2003/04–2008/09, Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 427–430)

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Subantarctic skuas Catharacta antarctica are key predators of burrowing petrels at sub-Antarctic islands, and can be used to monitor the health of burrowing petrel populations. A survey of skuas at the Prince Edward Islands was conducted during December 2008, repeating a previous survey in December 2001. Prince Edward Island (46 km2) remains free of introduced mammals, whereas Marion Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 431–437)

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The second mid-summer survey of surface-nesting seabirds at the Prince Edward Island group (Marion and Prince Edward islands) was conducted during December 2008, seven years after the initial midsummer survey. Wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans may have decreased slightly at Prince Edward Island, mirroring a decrease of roughly 2% per year at Marion Island from 1998 to 2005, a decline that Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 409–417)

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Breeding numbers of Laridae and other surface-nesting seabirds have been monitored at subantarctic Marion Island since 1996/97 and counts of breeding birds were made at nearby Prince Edward Island in December 2001 and December 2008. Four species are regular breeders at the islands: subantarctic skua Catharacta antarctica, kelp gull Larus dominicanus, Antarctic tern Sterna Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 31 (3) (2009): 439–444)

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Following the Norwegian-Chinese krill project (NorChiK) undertaken in Area 48.2 a work

shop was arranged at the Institute of marine Research (IMR), Bergen during 6-7.04.2011 to

investigate the basis for integrated investigations and evaluation of krill resources in the areas

48.2.

So far this season (2010/11), twelve vessels from Chile, China, Japan, Korea, Norway and Poland have fished for krill in Area 48. The total catch reported to May 2011 was 110949 t, most of which has been taken from Subarea 48.2 between February and May. Approximately 55% of the catch has been taken by two vessels using the continuous fishing system. The forecast total catch of krill for the Read More
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The CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) uses indices derived from data on indicator species collected by standard methods in the three Integrated Study Regions of the Convention Area. Each year the Secretariat updates the standardised index values and provides a summary of trends and anomalies in these data. This report covers biological indices only.

Six Members submitted data Read More
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The requirements for notifying encounters, and potential encounters with vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) are described in Conservation Measures (CM). Notifications are made under CM 22-07 in the case of encounters with potential VMEs during the course of bottom fishing, and under CM 22-06 in other cases such as during research surveys. Notifications are held in the Secretariat’s VME Read More
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Six Members submitted notifications for a total 15 vessels for krill fisheries in Subareas 48.1, 48.2, 48.3 and 48.4 in 2011/12, and the total notified, expected level of catch of krill is 391,000 tonnes. There was no notification submitted for exploratory fisheries for krill in 2011/12.

At CCAMLR-XXIX, the Commission recommended that a staffing and salary strategy be included in the review of the Secretariat’s Strategic Plan and that SCAF consider the outcomes of that review at its meeting in 2011 (CCAMLR-XXIX, paragraph 3.5 and 3.10). In addition, following consideration at last year’s meetings of WG-SAM and WG-FSA the Commission adopted a recommendation from the Read More
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Dense assemblages of hyocrinid stalked crinoids (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Hyocrinidae,) a vulnerable marine ecosystem (VME) indicator taxon, were encountered at four sites on two isolated knolls adjacent to the northwest and southeast of Admiralty Seamount (CCAMLR Subarea 88.1G) at 578-778 m depths. The details of these encounters, utilizing occurrence and density from underwater video Read More
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This paper presents a time series of relevant data reported from scientific observations in the CCAMLR krill fishery: 1999/2000 to 2009/10.

Automated camera systems deployed at Adélie penguin breeding colonies provide daily measurements that allow high resolution temporal availability functions to be estimated, which in turn can be used to correct population estimates for availability bias. However, such frequent data are time consuming and expensive to process, and it is of interest to determine if such data could be subsampled Read More
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A krill net sampling survey was carried out west of the Antarctic Peninsula in January 2011 to collect data on krill distribution, abundance, demography, spawning and recruitment success. The survey was a joint German and US effort. While the US AMLR Survey section covered the area between Elephant Island and the western entrance of Bransfield Strait, the “Polarstern” survey grid followed back Read More
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Combination of conventional and continuous techniques during krill fishery at the Russian commercial vessel "Maxim Starostin" allowed to compare the size structure of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) caught by these two techniques. Results of comparison are discussed in relation to the selectivity of fishing gears and the space-time variability of krill. Differences between Read More
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Two successful experiments on definition of Antarctic krill mortality have been carried out aboard Polish vessel Dalmor II according to the pattern submitted in paper SC-CAMLR-XXVIII/BG/10. Approximately 230 to 130 kg of krill are percolated and punched through per an hour of trawling if the average catch per an hour of trawling is about 8 tons and towing speed is 2.6-2.7 knots. The Read More
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During April 2011, a multi-national group of scientists with expertise on Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and environmental sciences attended a workshop aiming to evaluate new knowledge on the impact of climate change and increasing fisheries on Antarctic krill and Antarctic ecosystems, and possible repercussions for resource management. The workshop was organised by the Institute Read More
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The Generalised Yield Model was used to estimate fishing mortality and spawning stock biomass reference points for the krill fishery in CCAMLR Area 48 consistent with the catch trigger level of 620,000 tonnes. Projections were run with various increased levels of recruitment variability to analyse the sensitivity of the estimates of the reference points to recruitment variability.

The Read More
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One of the main issues in the management of the krill fishery is finding a spatial subdivision of catches that allows CCAMLR to achieve its objectives for both the fishery and the ecosystem. This requires a framework of spatial areas over which catches can be subdivided. WG-EMM has devised an initial framework of small scale management units (SSMUs) in subareas 48.1 to 48.4 based on the Read More
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 This paper provides a brief status report on the ongoing analysis of KRILLBASE.

In June 2010 the CCAMLR ASAM working group examined the acoustic methodology applied to the CCAMLR 2000 synoptic survey data to generate a quality checked krill biomass for area 48 following the acoustic protocol identified in ASAM 2009. The total biomass of krill in the Scotia Sea was estimated from acoustic and net data collected during the international multi-ship krill biomass in the Read More
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The Southern Ocean is a globally important marine region, providing a range of ecosystem services which support human life, health and well-being, including the provision of marine living resources, and the regulation of global climate and sea level. Assessing ecological processes in terms of the services they provide translates the complexity of the environment into functions which can be Read More
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We have developed a Geographic information system (GIS) and accompanying metadata to store and deliver data on CCAMLR’s management units and spatially resolved conservation measures. The GIS facilitates easy mapping of CCAMLR’s spatial management framework and associated conservation measures. This paper describes the structure of the GIS database and provides example outputs. The utility of Read More
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During the CCAMLR WG-EMM in July 2010, Aker Biomarine ASA offered to carry out a 5 day survey each year for the next five years in the CCAMLR statistical Subarea 48.2 using the Norwegian krill fishing vessel „Saga Sea‟. This report describes methodology, presents raw data and preliminary results from the first of these surveys, carried out in February 2011 near the South Orkney Islands

The data of 18 expeditions fulfilled by AtlantNIRO during 1970-2000 in the central and eastern part of the Area 48 (Subareas 48.4 and 48.6) were summarized. Distribution of krill was analyzed with reference to the structure and dynamics of the water masses in the area of the Southern Sandwich Islands arc, the Bouveau Island, the Maude seamount, the southern part of the Lazarev Sea and up to Read More
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Despite uncertainties about interactions between ecosystems and fisheries, the ability to adjust activity of the Antarctic krill fishery based on the state of krill-dependent predators is a recognized goal of the CCAMLR. We suggest that progress toward a feedback management approach can be made efficiently via the comparative approach. Specifically, changes due to an impact in one population Read More
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Acoustically based estimates of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) biomass, and net-based estimates of krill density and recruitment are recalculated for the years 1996 through 2011. Recent changes in the acoustic methodology and target strength models are the basis for the recalculation. The time series of acoustic biomass indicate that krill have varied by more than an order of Read More
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Due to the need to distribute the krill catch limit in Statistical Area 48 so as to ensure that land-based predators are not affected by fishing activity, the Commission has adopted the interim Conservation Measure 51-07 (2009) since management advice on a SSMU krill catch limit allocation subdivision in Area 48 has not been agreed yet. CM 51-07 (2009) will expire in 2011 and still more Read More
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The spatial-temporal dynamics of standardized abundance indices of krill in Area 48 based on the CCAMLR catch statistics was analyzed using GLMM with Tweedie’s distribution.In the yesteryear the authors revealed “diagnostics specificity” of GLMM tuning for CPUE standardization: many hauls to be interpreted as “outliers”, i.e. the hauls where residuals significantly deviated from the normal Read More
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This paper describes the general operation pattern of F/V Fukuei-Maru to help understand the actual condition of fishing and processing Antarctic krill in Japanese commercial trawl fishery. Special attention is paid to the calculation of green weight and conversion factors.

This paper summarises inter-sessional work by WG-EMM-STAPP between 2009 and 2011 aimed at estimating krill consumption by pack ice seals, fur seals, penguins and flying seabirds in small scale management units (SSMUs) in Area 48 and in other CCAMLR Areas, and outlines a plausible timeframe for remaining tasks. Substantial progress has been made in estimating predator population sizes, Read More
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Application of new methods for estimating the abundance of breeding Adélie penguin populations along the Kemp and Mac.Robertson Land coasts of east Antarctica are described. Methods include use of sample survey designs, distance sampling to estimate detectability, virtual delineation of sample plot boundaries, cameras to collect adjustment data and adjustment of counts for detectability and Read More
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Understanding circumpolar penguin abundance is critical for developing realistic ecosystem models that might be used to inform the management of impacts due to climate change or fisheries. A review of historical Adélie penguin survey data in east Antarctica revealed Prydz Bay as a priority region for new survey work to improve population estimates. Prydz Bay is considered to have the largest Read More
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Phenological changes are touted to be an early indication of species response to environmental change and have been reported for a range of species around the globe. In Antarctica, there is a clear indication of phenological changes for the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) with contrasting trends in clutch initiation dates reported for populations on opposite sides of Antarctica. Such Read More
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A recent gap analysis of knowledge of the breeding distribution of the Adélie penguin across the Australian Antarctic Territory in east Antarctica found that approximately half of the species’ potential breeding habitat had no evidence of ever being searched. With such incomplete knowledge of the current breeding distribution, it is not possible to reliably assess possible future change in Read More
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Japan is trying to use information obtained through the fishery effectively, and planning an acoustic survey using a commercial krill fishing vessel that enables annual data collection. This proposal focuses on monitoring yearly trend of krill distribution and fishing ground formation. The goal of this survey is to obtain scientific information by fishing vessel on a regular basis.

We made a survey plan to observe krill escapement, attached an underwater video camera on a trawl net of a Japanese commercial trawler, and started observation to collect video images of krill passage through the rope and netting parts of the trawl net. Preliminary examination of video images obtained via satellite-linked transmission indicated very low incidence of krill escapement from top Read More
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Cameras and other optical instruments are increasingly being used as cheap, convenient and reliable tools for surveillance and monitoring. This paper describes (1) the kinds of observations and measurements relevant to CEMP that can be obtained from an automated camera system specifically developed for use in the extreme conditions of Antarctica, (2) a preliminary assessment of the utility of Read More
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At WG-EMM-09 the Working Group noted that the photographic method used in WG-EMM-09/38 could be incorporated as a modification of CEMP Standard Method A3 (penguin breeding population size). This paper reviews aspects of Methods A3a, A3b and related A9 (breeding chronology) in the most recent version of the CEMP Standard Methods that are relevant to this proposal, outlines some difficulties in Read More
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To investigate spatio-temporal variability of krill body length and number of bycatch fish, observer data sets on Japanese krill fishery from 1995 to 2008 were analyzed by using a hierarchical Bayesian model. The model was composed of multistage cluster units (i.e., years, subarea, vessels, and haul) based on a state-space model, which can separate biological process error in the population Read More
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Species composition and abundance of by-catch fish were analyzed using the fish by-catch samples collected by scientific observers onboard Japanese commercial krill fishing vessels in the north of South Georgia during the austral winter from 2002 to 2008. A total of 19 species belonging to 8 families were identified in the by-catch samples, among which the 3 species, Krefftichthys Read More
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The influence of the climate change on krill based Southern Ocean ecosystem is studied intensively last decade. To study the possible connections between Antarctic Peninsula regional climate warming and ecosystem changes the data of Antarctic krill density (KRILLBASE data) and of surface air temperature (READER data) were used. Decadal variability of winter temperature on the regional scale Read More
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One of the recommendations for future work from the 2008 Predator Survey Workshop was ‘....that alternative census methods for large (penguin) colonies may be helpful. Such methods include the use of satellite imagery and the use of GPS receivers to accurately map colony areas from which abundance could be estimated given known information on nest density within colonies...’ This paper uses Read More
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The organization, example outputs, and future objectives of an integrated, age‐structured model designed to estimate krill population dynamics and productivity are described. The model's capabilities are illustrated using 19 years of survey data collected by the U.S. AMLR Program around the South Shetland Islands, but it is being developed to be applicable to any region where multi‐year data Read More
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The data of krill fishery in Subarea 48 for 1986 – 2008 presented to CAMLR database by haul-by-haul data were used. Standardizing CPUE was performed by applying the generalized linear model with random effects (GLMM). The analysis of diagnostics of GLMM tuning indicated that the model with Tweedie’s distribution satisfactorily describes the set of data collected in Subareas 48.1, 48.2 and 48.3 Read More
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The West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) and adjacent Scotia Sea support abundant wildlife populations, many of which were nearly extirpated by humans. This region is also among the fastest-warming areas on the planet, with 5–6 °C increases in mean winter air temperatures and associated decreases in winter sea-ice cover. These biological and physical perturbations have affected the ecosystem Read More
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Публикация:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 108 (18) (2011): 7625–7628

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The occurrence of dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subsp.) around the Antarctic Peninsula was examined based on 406 sightings of minke whales recorded during the Chilean Antarctic Scientific Expeditions and other opportunistic cetacean surveys. Identification of the species was made only for the whales sighted in the proximity of the vessels when the specific diagnostic Read More
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Публикация:
(Polar Biol., 34 (2011): 313–318, doi: 10.1007/s00300-010-0884-y)

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The use of the catch per unit effort (CPUE) as an index of abundance usually requires a standardization process consisting of isolating all those exogenous factors from temporal variations in abundance from the CPUE time-series. These exogenous factors include those generated by modifications in fishery vessel efficiency, variations in fishing strategies, and environmental fluctuations. The Read More
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Публикация:
(Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 39 (1) (2011): 71–81, doi: 10.3856/vol39-issue1-fulltext-7)

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The driving factors of survival, a key demographic process, have been particularly challenging to study, especially for winter migratory species such as the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae). While winter environmental conditions clearly influence Antarctic seabird survival, it has been unclear what environmental features they are most likely to respond to. Here we examine the influence of Read More
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Публикация:
(Oecologia, in press)

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The long-term environmental monitoring has been provided the insight into the integral structure of marine ecosystem in a poorly investigated coastal area of Argentine Island Archipelago The structure and functioning of the local biota has a specific response of environmentally different involved elements to a series of limiting factors. Mass phyto- and zoobenthos and macro plankton species Read More
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Публикация:
(J. Mar. Ecol. (2011), 10 (2): 5–25)

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Antarctic krill embryos and larvae were experimentally exposed to 380 (control), 1000 and 2000 μatm pCO2 in order to assess the possible impact of ocean acidification on early development of krill. No significant effects were detected on embryonic development or larval behaviour at 1000 μatm pCO2; however, at 2000 μatm pCO2 development was disrupted before gastrulation in 90 per cent of Read More
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Публикация:
(Biol. Lett., 7 (2) (2011): 288–291, doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0777)

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For the first time the entire sequence of the mating behaviour of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the wild is captured on underwater video. This footage also provides evidence that mating can take place near the seafloor at depths of 400–700 m. This observation challenges the generally accepted concept of the pelagic lifestyle of krill. The mating behaviour observed most Read More
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Публикация:
(J. Plankton Res., 33 (7) (2011): 1134–1138, doi:10.1093/plankt/fbr006)

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The number of African penguins Spheniscus demersus breeding in South Africa collapsed from about 56 000 pairs in 2001 to some 21 000 pairs in 2009, a loss of 35 000 pairs (>60%) in eight years. This reduced the global population to 26 000 pairs, when including Namibian breeders, and led to classification of the species as Endangered. In South Africa, penguins breed in two regions, the Read More
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Публикация:
(Afr. J. Mar. Sci., 33 (1) (2011): 139–156)

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